Hidden Hong Kong: 11 worst typhoons in Hong Kong’s history

We start the list off with a typhoon that reportedly wiped away approximately five percent of the territories’ population. The reason why Hong Kong sustained such intensive damages was because its warning was only issued less than half an hour before the typhoon hit. The official warning for tropical cyclones within 300 miles, then a black drum, was hoisted at 8.40 am. By 9 am, sailors were already unable to reach their vessels to take precautions.

Along the waters from Sai Wan to Causeway Bay and along Kowloon Wharf, many ships sustained serious damages and sank in the harbour, among them the HMS Phoenix. The Albatross Mirs Bay ferry sank near the Ninepin Islands, with 120 casualties; the Ying Fat ferry to Sam-chun sank near Kap Shui Mun, with 100 casualties; and the Perseverance steamer from Macau discharged all its passengers at Cheung Chau (then spelt Chung Chow), but sank on its return, with only one surviving crew member.

It was estimated that nearly half of the Chinese boating population and 5,000 licensed vessels were severely struck. So many died during this disaster that the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals donated coffins for the burial of recovered corpses, but by the end of the month, there were said to still be more than 1,500 bodies left unclaimed. In the aftermath, the governor agreed to develop an early warning system for future typhoon alerts.

As forewarned by its dramatic name, this is one of Hong Kong’s deadliest typhoons, killing a record number of 11,000 people. Apart from the devastating death toll, the city must have also taken a financial hit as well, as Victoria Harbour was the seventh busiest harbour in the world, packed with sampans, ferries, ocean liners, warships, and other such vessels. The typhoon caused a tidal wave measuring 30 feet that swept through the villages of Tai Po and Sha Tin, almost completely decimating everything in its way.

To give another idea of how strong the typhoon was, the observatory instruments—which were then capable of registering winds up to 125 miles per hour—broke down completely. The maximum gust in the Great Hong Kong Typhoon was recorded at 149 miles or 240 kilometres per hour, but only because the anemometer had maxed out at this reading so ultimately, the true maximum gust could not even be recorded.

Aptly nicknamed “Bloody Mary,” this was considered to be the worst storm to have hit Hong Kong in the 23 years since the Great Hong Kong Typhoon. The Royal Observatory issued the No. 10 warning signal, though sustained surface winds of 119 kilometres per hour were not observed, as is the international criteria. More than 460 small vessels were substantially damaged, and at least 50 fishing boats capsized and sank in our waters.

Mary also destroyed weak refugee shacks in the hills, built by mainland Chinese refugees using tin and tar paper; 18,000 of these refugees became homeless. The official count after the typhoon died down was 45 deaths, 11 missing, and 127 injuries.

Ruby was the fifth typhoon to be issued the No. 10 signal since the establishment of the signal system and was classed as a super typhoon. A total of 38 fatalities were associated with this typhoon, though another 14 people remain unaccounted for.

Sheet metal torn from buildings injured numerous people, at least ten ships ran aground, high voltage electric wires were torn out by the winds and caused hundreds of fires, and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange was brought to a standstill. The area of Tai Po was the worst hit, where thousands of village homes and temporary shelters were destroyed. High waves flooded the City Hall, delaying the 1964 Summer Olympics torch relay.

1964 was really not a good year for Hong Kong, as barely a month later, the territories were again ravaged by Typhoon Dot, leaving 36 either dead or missing and 85 injured.

Unusually for tropical cyclones, Typhoon Rose was preceded by an ominous fog bank before making landfall and was the most intense cyclone to hit Hong Kong since Wanda. Waves measuring nine-and-a-half metres were generated, and the storm surges sank or severely damaged at least 300 boats off of our shores, resulting in 110 fatalities.

A fire broke out at a large power sub-station in Kwun Tong but was unable to be subdued due to the strong winds, triggering power outages and blackouts across Kowloon and the New Territories. Thousands of people were trapped in lifts because of these widespread electrical failures. 30,000 telephones became out of service, and six buildings were damaged beyond repair and eventually demolished.

Several low-lying areas were flooded, and landslides occurred across the territories, blocking approximately 110 roads. One landslide crashed into a village hut and buried four children; two were killed, while one survived and the last remained missing. A total of 5,644 people were rendered homeless as a direct result of Typhoon Rose.

Ellen spawned the second tornado ever recorded in Hong Kong—and the first ever to be recorded during a typhoon. Upon making landfall, the winds in Stanley reached up to 154 kilometres per hour. 22 ships were completely wrecked, including a 21,000-ton freighter, which then necessitated the rescue of her 40 crew members. The 185-foot yacht Osprey, which was famously featured in Jackie Chan’s movie Project A, sank with nine people on board, eight of whom were never recovered.

Further inland, Hong Kong was already an increasingly concrete city by this point, but around 200 houses were still destroyed, and more than 2,000 were left homeless. Typhoon Ellen caused ten casualties, 12 missing persons, over 330 injuries, as well as 50,000 people to lose power, lasting up to four days. Interestingly, this seemed to foreshadow 2018’s Typhoon Mangkhut, which followed the same meteorological track as Ellen.

The much more vertical concrete jungle of Hong Kong was hard hit when Typhoon York smashed in. Strong gusts of up to 234 kilometres per hour whipped around skyscrapers, smashing their glass exteriors. The new Inland Revenue, Immigration, and Wan Chai Towers had hundreds of windows shattered, and a crane that was perched on a building in Jaffe Road fell down 30 storeys, striking a 10-storey flat, before crashing onto the streets.

Two people died, with another 500 sustaining injuries. Hundreds of others were trapped in lifts due to power outages. The T10 signal was hoisted for 11 hours, a record amount of time. Since York, modern Hong Kong has been better equipped to weather typhoons and has come out relatively unscathed. It would be 13 years before another T10, Typhoon Vicente, visited the city in July 2012, but the damage was superficial in comparison, with 138 injuries, and an MTR station turned into a makeshift shelter for a night.

Those who have resided in Hong Kong a little while will know how hot and oppressive the weather gets before a major storm. Hato caused a record-breaking temperature of 36.6 degrees Celsius—the hottest in 132 years. During typhoons, pressure drops and increasing wind speeds cause storm surges. Unfortunately with Hato, this happened at the same time as the highest astronomical tide, and also coincided with a new moon, which heightened gravitational effect and caused tides to rise even further.

The low-lying rural fishing village of Tai O was severely flooded, with the water level in some areas reaching up to waist-deep. Residents had to be evacuated from their homes. Other waterside neighbourhoods such as Heng Fa Chuen and Lei Yue Mun also reported serious flooding. Underground car parks were submerged, with vehicles inside suffering water damage. While Hong Kong has had no deaths, there were 129 recorded injuries.

In neighbouring Macau, most of the area was majorly flooded with extensive property damages, and power and water outages citywide for at least 24 hours after the passage of the storm. A total of 12 deaths and at least 200 injuries were recorded, and the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau was heavily criticised for failing to predict Hato’s ferocity. The name Hato was retired in June this year as a mark of respect for those who lost their lives in China, Macau, and the Philippines.

We’re sure Typhoon Mangkhut is still fresh in the minds of most Hongkongers. It was labelled by the Hong Kong Observatory as the most powerful to have swept through the city since records began in 1946. A maximum tide of almost four metres was measured in Quarry Bay and torrential rains left two dozen neighbourhoods half-submerged in water, among them the coastal areas of Heng Fa Chuen, Shek O, and Lei Yue Mun.

Hong Kong Observatory’s No. 10 signal for Mangkhut lasted ten hours, just one less than the record-holding York. Residents were urged to stay indoors, and Hongkongers watched with bated breath as bamboo scaffolding outside buildings crumpled like toothpicks, skyscrapers swayed in the gales, tin roof structures were ripped off, windows of buildings were blown out, and parts of buildings even crumbled onto the streets below.

One of Mangkhut’s more striking effects was that more than 46,000 trees across the territories were uprooted, including some historic banyan trees. Despite the havoc wreaked in the city over the weekend, the majority of workers had to return to office the very next day. Social media feeds were inundated with commuters going to work on Monday amidst the chaos, some even having to clamber over felled trees and debris. Tai Wai MTR station, in particular, was shown to be absolutely jam-packed with commuters, with a line that trailed out the station and around the nearby roundabout.

The body of a middle-aged man was later found in waters off of Hoi Pong Street in Sai Kung, but it was not proven that he had died as a direct result of Mangkhut. The typhoon left Hong Kong with 458 reported injuries, and thankfully no deaths.

When Typhoon Saola dissipated in early September 2023, Hongkongers were happy to have come through unscathed, with no casualties to report. Although it was the first time the Hong Kong Observatory had hoisted the T10 tropical cyclone warning signal since Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018, Saola didn’t incur significant damage. No one expected the region to be hit by another extreme weather event less than a week later.

Typhoon Haikui began its course on 27 August, far from the coasts of Hong Kong. It made its way towards Taiwan and intensified over a few days, injuring over 140 people on the island and causing disruption in electricity and water supply to hundreds of thousands of homes. Haikui started weakening as it made landfall in China on 5 September, where it deteriorated as a low-pressure trough, but that was where trouble began for Hong Kong and Shenzhen—even though Typhoon Haikui was recorded as a T1 in Hong Kong, the trough caused heavy, record-breaking rainfall in the following days.

The torrential rain caused by the remnants of Haikui led the HKO to issue a Black Rainstorm signal at 11.05 pm on 7 September 2023. By then, it was already heavily raining over Hong Kong, and images of floodings and landslides started to circulate on social media. By the time the Black Rainstorm signal was cancelled after a record 16 hours and 35 minutes, it started to sink in that this was no small shower, but the highest hourly rainfall Hong Kong had seen in history (at least since records began in 1884).

There were over 60 reports of floodings and 200 reports of landslides. Footage of the Wong Tai Sin MTR station and adjoining Temple Mall showed underground levels completely submerged in water; the Kwun Tong line was partially inoperative; a house collapsed in Sha Tin; three cliffside properties in the Redhill Peninsula were cordoned off; a car park in Chai Wan was flooded; and Shek O Road was closed due to a landslide, cutting off Shek O and Big Wave Bay’s residential population from the rest of the city. A huge landslide on a slope above Yiu Hing Road in Shau Kei Wan caused massive damage, with the road fully reopening only on 30 June 2024.

The Black Rainstorm, which caused the death of two people in Hong Kong, was labelled an unpredictable “one-in-500-years” event by chief secretary Chen Kwok-ki in a press conference.